الْحِصْنُ الْحَصِينُ
al-Ḥiṣn al-Ḥaṣīn
THE IMPREGNABLE FORTRESS
From the Words of the Master of the Messengers
مِنْ كَلَامِ سَيِّدِ الْمُرْسَلِينَ ﷺ
IMAM IBN AL-JAZARĪ
Abū al-Khayr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-Jazarī · d. 833 AH
آدَابُ الدُّعَاءِ
ʾādābu al-duʿāʾi
Etiquettes of Supplication
مِنْهَا مَا يَبْلُغُ أَنْ يَكُونَ رُكْنًا، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ شَرْطًا، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ مَأْمُورَاتٍ وَمَنْهِيَّاتٍ وَغَيْرِهَا، وَهِيَ:
minhā mā yablughu ʾan yakūna ruknan, wa-ʾan yakūna sharṭan, wa-ʾan yakūna ghayra dhālika min maʾmūrātin wa-manhiyyātin wa-ghayrihā, wa-hiya:
Some of these may amount to a pillar, a condition, or something else among commands, prohibitions, and other matters. They are:
- تَجَنُّبُ الْحَرَامِ فِي الْمَأْكَلِ وَالْمَشْرَبِ وَالْمَلْبَسِ وَالْمَكْسَبِ [م، ت].
- tajannubu al-ḥarāmi fī al-maʾkali wa-l-mashrabi wa-l-malbasi wa-l-maksabi [م، ت].
- Avoiding what is unlawful in food, drink, clothing, and earnings [م، ت].
- وَالْإِخْلَاصُ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى [مص].
- wa-l-ʾikhlāṣu li-llāhi taʿālā [مص].
- Sincerity toward Allah Most High [مص].
- وَتَقْدِيمُ عَمَلٍ صَالِحٍ، وَذِكْرُهُ عِنْدَ الشِّدَّةِ [م، ت، د].
- wa-taqdīmu ʿamalin ṣāliḥin, wa-dhikruhu ʿinda al-shiddati [م، ت، د].
- Performing a righteous deed beforehand and mentioning it in times of hardship [م، ت، د].
- وَالتَّنَظُّفُ وَالتَّطَهُّرُ [عه، حب].
- wa-l-tanaẓẓufu wa-l-taṭahhuru [عه، حب].
- Cleanliness and purification [عه، حب].
- وَالْوُضُوءُ [ع].
- wa-l-wuḍūʾu [ع].
- Ablution [ع].
- وَاسْتِقْبَالُ الْقِبْلَةِ [ع].
- wa-istiqbālu al-qiblati [ع].
- Facing the qiblah [ع].
- وَالصَّلَاةُ [عه، حب، مس].
- wa-l-ṣalātu [عه، حب، مس].
- Performing prayer [عه، حب، مس].
- وَالْجُثُوُّ عَلَى الرُّكَبِ [عو].
- wa-l-juthuwwu ʿalā al-rukabi [عو].
- Kneeling [عو].
- وَالثَّنَاءُ عَلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى أَوَّلًا وَآخِرًا [ع].
- wa-l-thanāʾu ʿalā Allāhi taʿālā ʾawwalan wa-ʾākhiran [ع].
- Praising Allah Most High at the beginning and the end [ع].
- وَالصَّلَاةُ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ كَذَلِكَ [د، ت، س، حب، مس].
- wa-l-ṣalātu ʿalā al-nabiyyi ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam ka-dhālika [د، ت، س، حب، مس].
- Likewise, invoking blessings upon the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) at the beginning and the end [د، ت، س، حب، مس].
- وَبَسْطُ الْيَدَيْنِ [د، مس].
- wa-basṭu al-yadayni [د، مس].
- Extending the hands [د، مس].
- وَرَفْعُهُمَا [ع].
- wa-rafʿuhumā [ع].
- Raising them [ع].
- وَأَنْ يَكُونَ رَفْعُهُمَا حَذْوَ الْمَنْكِبَيْنِ [د، أ، مس].
- wa-ʾan yakūna rafʿuhumā ḥadhwa al-mankibayni [د، أ، مس].
- Raising them to shoulder level [د، أ، مس].
- وَكَشْفُهُمَا [مو].
- wa-kashfuhumā [مو].
- Leaving them uncovered [مو].
- وَالتَّأَدُّبُ [م، د، ت، س].
- wa-l-taʾaddubu [م، د، ت، س].
- Observing proper manners [م، د، ت، س].
- وَالْخُشُوعُ [مو، مص].
- wa-l-khushūʿu [مو، مص].
- Humility and reverence [مو، مص].
- وَالتَّمَسْكُنُ مَعَ الْخُضُوعِ [ت].
- wa-l-tamaskunu maʿa al-khuḍūʿi [ت].
- Showing neediness together with submission [ت].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَرْفَعَ بَصَرَهُ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ [م، س].
- wa-ʾan lā yarfaʿa baṣarahu ʾilā al-samāʾi [م، س].
- Not raising one's gaze toward the sky [م، س].
- وَأَنْ يَسْأَلَ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى بِأَسْمَائِهِ الْحُسْنَى، وَصِفَاتِهِ الْعُلَى [حب، س].
- wa-ʾan yasʾala Allāha taʿālā bi-ʾasmāʾihi al-ḥusnā, wa-ṣifātihi al-ʿulā [حب، س].
- Asking Allah Most High by His Most Beautiful Names and His highest attributes [حب، س].
- وَأَنْ يَجْتَنِبَ السَّجْعَ وَتَكَلُّفَهُ [خ].
- wa-ʾan yajtaniba al-sajʿa wa-takallufahu [خ].
- Avoiding rhymed prose and the deliberate effort to produce it [خ].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَتَكَلَّفَ التَّغَنِّيَ بِالْأَنْغَامِ [مو].
- wa-ʾan lā yatakallafa al-taghanniya bi-l-ʾanghāmi [مو].
- Not affecting songlike melodic tones [مو].
- وَأَنْ يَتَوَسَّلَ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى بِأَنْبِيَائِهِ [خ، د، س]، وَالصَّالِحِينَ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ [خ].
- wa-ʾan yatawassala ʾilā Allāhi taʿālā bi-ʾanbiyāʾihi [خ، د، س], wa-l-ṣāliḥīna min ʿibādihi [خ].
- Seeking nearness to Allah Most High through His prophets [خ، د، س] and through the righteous among His servants [خ].
- وَخَفْضُ الصَّوْتِ [ع].
- wa-khafḍu al-ṣawti [ع].
- Lowering the voice [ع].
- وَالِاعْتِرَافُ بِالذَّنْبِ [ع].
- wa-l-iʿtirāfu bi-l-dhanbi [ع].
- Acknowledging one's sin [ع].
- وَاخْتِيَارُ الْأَدْعِيَةِ الصَّحِيحَةِ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، فَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يَتْرُكْ حَاجَةً إِلَى غَيْرِهِ [د، س].
- wa-ikhtiyāru al-ʾadʿiyati al-ṣaḥīḥati ʿani al-nabiyyi ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam, fa-ʾinnahu lam yatruk ḥājatan ʾilā ghayrihi [د، س].
- Choosing authentic supplications reported from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), since such supplications leave no need to seek them from other sources [د، س].
- وَتَخَيُّرُ الْجَوَامِعِ مِنَ الدُّعَاءِ [د].
- wa-takhayyuru al-jawāmiʿi mina al-duʿāʾi [د].
- Choosing comprehensive supplications [د].
- وَأَنْ يَبْدَأَ بِنَفْسِهِ، وَأَنْ يَدْعُوَ لِوَالِدَيْهِ، وَإِخْوَانِهِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ [م].
- wa-ʾan yabdaʾa binafsihi, wa-ʾan yadʿuwa liwālidayhi, wa-ʾikhwānihi al-muʾminīna [م].
- Beginning with oneself and supplicating for one's parents and fellow believers [م].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَخُصَّ نَفْسَهُ بِالدُّعَاءِ إِنْ كَانَ إِمَامًا [د، ت، ق].
- wa-ʾan lā yakhuṣṣa nafsahu bi-l-duʿāʾi ʾin kāna ʾimāman [د، ت، ق].
- If one is leading others, not singling oneself out in the supplication [د، ت، ق].
- وَأَنْ يَسْأَلَ بِعَزْمٍ [ع].
- wa-ʾan yasʾala biʿazmin [ع].
- Asking with resolve [ع].
- وَأَنْ يَدْعُوَ بِرَغْبَةٍ [حب، عو].
- wa-ʾan yadʿuwa biraghbatin [حب، عو].
- Supplicating with earnest longing [حب، عو].
- وَأَنْ يُخْرِجَهُ مِنْ قَلْبِهِ بِجِدٍّ وَاجْتِهَادٍ، وَأَنْ يُحْضِرَ قَلْبَهُ، وَيُحْسِنَ رَجَاءَهُ [مس].
- wa-ʾan yukhrijahu min qalbihi bijiddin wa-ijtihādin, wa-ʾan yuḥḍira qalbahu, wa-yuḥsina rajāʾahu [مس].
- Bringing the supplication forth from one's heart with seriousness and effort, keeping the heart attentive, and maintaining good hope [مس].
- وَأَنْ يُكَرِّرَ الدُّعَاءَ [خ، م]، وَالتَّثْلِيثُ.
- wa-ʾan yukarrira al-duʿāʾa [خ، م], wa-l-tathlīthu.
- Repeating the supplication [خ، م], preferably three times.
- وَأَنْ يُلِحَّ فِيهِ [س، مس، عو].
- wa-ʾan yuliḥḥa fīhi [س، مس، عو].
- Persisting in it [س، مس، عو].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَدْعُوَ بِإِثْمٍ وَلَا قَطِيعَةِ رَحِمٍ [م، ت].
- wa-ʾan lā yadʿuwa bi-ʾithmin wa-lā qaṭīʿati raḥimin [م، ت].
- Not supplicating for anything sinful or for severing family ties [م، ت].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَدْعُوَ بِأَمْرٍ قَدْ فُرِغَ مِنْهُ [م، س].
- wa-ʾan lā yadʿuwa bi-ʾamrin qad furigha minhu [م، س].
- Not supplicating regarding a matter that has already been settled [م، س].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَعْتَدِيَ فِي الدُّعَاءِ بِأَنْ يَدْعُوَ بِمُسْتَحِيلٍ أَوْ مَا فِي مَعْنَاهُ [خ].
- wa-ʾan lā yaʿtadiya fī al-duʿāʾi bi-ʾan yadʿuwa bimustaḥīlin ʾaw mā fī maʿnāhu [خ].
- Not transgressing in supplication by asking for the impossible or anything of that nature [خ].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَتَحَجَّرَ(١) [خ، د، س، ق].
- wa-ʾan lā yataḥajjara(1) [خ، د، س، ق].
- Not restricting Allah's mercy(1) [خ، د، س، ق].
- وَأَنْ يَسْأَلَ حَاجَاتِهِ كُلَّهَا [ت، حب].
- wa-ʾan yasʾala ḥājātihi kullahā [ت، حب].
- Asking for all one's needs [ت، حب].
- وَتَأْمِينُ الدَّاعِي وَالْمُسْتَمِعِ [خ، م، د، س].
- wa-taʾmīnu al-dāʿī wa-l-mustamiʿi [خ، م، د، س].
- Both the supplicant and the listener saying "Amen" [خ، م، د، س].
- وَمَسْحُ وَجْهِهِ بِيَدَيْهِ بَعْدَ فَرَاغِهِ [د، ت، حب، ق، مس].
- wa-masḥu wajhihi biyadayhi baʿda fa-rāghihi [د، ت، حب، ق، مس].
- Wiping one's face with both hands after finishing [د، ت، حب، ق، مس].
- وَأَنْ لَا يَسْتَعْجِلَ بِأَنْ يَسْتَبْطِئَ الْإِجَابَةَ، أَوْ يَقُولَ دَعَوْتُ فَلَمْ يُسْتَجَبْ لِي [خ، م، د، س، ق].
- wa-ʾan lā yastaʿjila bi-ʾan yastabṭiʾa al-ʾijābata, ʾaw yaqūla daʿawtu fa-lam yustajab lī [خ، م، د، س، ق].
- Not being impatient by thinking the response is slow or saying, "I supplicated, but I was not answered" [خ، م، د، س، ق].
(١) لَمَّا سَمِعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْأَعْرَابِيَّ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ ارْحَمْنِي وَمُحَمَّدًا وَلَا تَرْحَمْ مَعَنَا أَحَدًا، قَالَ لَهُ: «لَقَدْ تَحَجَّرْتَ وَاسِعًا» أَيْ لَا يَخُصُّ نَفْسَهُ بِالدُّعَاءِ دُونَ غَيْرِهِ.
(1) lammā samiʿa al-nabiyyu ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam al-ʾaʿrābiyya yaqūlu: Allāhumma irḥamnī wa-muḥammadan wa-lā tarḥam maʿanā ʾaḥadan, qāla lahu: «laqad taḥajjarta wāsiʿan» ʾay lā yakhuṣṣu nafsahu bi-l-duʿāʾi dūna ghayrihi.
(1) When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) heard a Bedouin say, "O Allah, have mercy on me and Muhammad, and have mercy on no one else along with us," he told him, "You have restricted something vast." That is, one should not single oneself out in supplication to the exclusion of others.
آدَابُ الذِّكْرِ
ʾādābu al-dhikri
Etiquettes of Remembrance
قَالَ الْعُلَمَاءُ: يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَوْضِعُ الَّذِي يُذْكَرُ فِيهِ نَظِيفًا خَالِيًا.
qāla al-ʿulamāʾu: yanbaghī ʾan yakūna al-mawḍiʿu alladhī yudhkaru fīhi naẓīfan khāliyan.
The scholars said that the place in which Allah is remembered should be clean and free of distractions.
وَأَنْ يَكُونَ الذَّاكِرُ عَلَى أَكْمَلِ الصِّفَاتِ الْمُتَقَدِّمَةِ.
wa-ʾan yakūna al-dhākiru ʿalā ʾakmali al-ṣifāti al-mutaqaddimati.
The person engaged in remembrance should embody the preceding qualities as fully as possible.
وَأَنْ يَكُونَ فَمُهُ نَظِيفًا.
wa-ʾan yakūna fa-muhu naẓīfan.
His mouth should be clean.
وَإِنْ كَانَ فِيهِ تَغَيُّرٌ أَزَالَهُ بِالسِّوَاكِ.
wa-ʾin kāna fīhi taghayyurun ʾazālahu bi-l-siwāki.
If it has an unpleasant odor, he should remove it with a tooth-stick.
وَإِنْ كَانَ جَالِسًا فِي مَوْضِعٍ اسْتَقْبَلَ الْقِبْلَةَ مُتَخَشِّعًا، مُتَذَلِّلًا، بِسَكِينَةٍ، وَوَقَارٍ، وَحُضُورِ قَلْبٍ.
wa-ʾin kāna jālisan fī mawḍiʿin istaqbala al-qiblata mutakhashshiʿan, mutadhallilan, bisakīnatin, wa-waqārin, wa-ḥuḍūri qalbin.
If seated in a place, he should face the qiblah in reverence and humility, with tranquility, dignity, and an attentive heart.
يَتَدَبَّرُ مَا يَذْكُرُ، وَيَتَعَقَّلُ مَعْنَاهُ، فَإِنْ جَهِلَ شَيْئًا تَبَيَّنَ مَعْنَاهُ، وَلَا يَحْرِصُ عَلَى تَحْصِيلِ الْكَثْرَةِ بِالْعَجَلَةِ؛ فَلِذَلِكَ اسْتَحَبُّوا أَنْ يَمُدَّ صَوْتَهُ بِقَوْلِ: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ.
yatadabbaru mā yadhkuru, wa-yataʿaqqalu maʿnāhu, fa-ʾin jahila shayʾan tabayyana maʿnāhu, wa-lā yaḥriṣu ʿalā taḥṣīli al-kathrati bi-l-ʿajalati; fa-li-dhālika istaḥabbū ʾan yamudda ṣawtahu biqawli: lā ʾilāha ʾillā Allāhu.
He should reflect upon the words of remembrance and understand their meaning. If he does not understand something, he should learn its meaning. He should not rush in pursuit of a greater quantity; for this reason, they recommended prolonging the voice when saying, "There is no deity but Allah."
وَكُلُّ ذِكْرٍ مَشْرُوعٍ - وَاجِبًا كَانَ أَوْ مُسْتَحَبًّا - لَا يُعْتَدُّ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْهُ حَتَّى يَتَلَفَّظَ بِهِ، وَيَسْمَعَ نَفْسَهُ(١).
wa-kullu dhikrin mashrūʿin - wājiban kāna ʾaw mustaḥabban - lā yuʿtaddu bishayʾin minhu ḥattā yatalaffaẓa bihi, wa-yasmaʿa nafsahu(1).
No prescribed remembrance—whether obligatory or recommended—counts until a person pronounces it and can hear himself(1).
وَأَفْضَلُ الذِّكْرِ الْقُرْآنُ، إِلَّا فِيمَا شُرِعَ بِغَيْرِهِ.
wa-ʾafḍalu al-dhikri al-qurʾānu, ʾillā fīmā shuriʿa bighayrihi.
The best remembrance is the Qur'an, except in contexts for which another form has been prescribed.
وَلَيْسَ فَضْلُ الذِّكْرِ مُنْحَصِرًا فِي التَّهْلِيلِ وَالتَّسْبِيحِ وَالتَّكْبِيرِ، بَلْ كُلُّ مُطِيعٍ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى فِي عَمَلٍ فَهُوَ ذَاكِرٌ.
wa-laysa faḍlu al-dhikri munḥaṣiran fī al-tahlīli wa-l-tasbīḥi wa-l-takbīri, bal kullu muṭīʿin li-llāhi taʿālā fī ʿamalin fa-huwa dhākirun.
The merit of remembrance is not limited to declaring Allah's oneness, glorifying Him, and magnifying Him. Rather, anyone obeying Allah Most High through any deed is engaged in remembrance.
قَالُوا: وَإِذَا وَاظَبَ الْعَبْدُ عَلَى الْأَذْكَارِ الْمَأْثُورَةِ عَنْهُ ﷺ صَبَاحًا وَمَسَاءً، وَفِي الْأَحْوَالِ وَالْأَوْقَاتِ الْمُخْتَلِفَةِ، لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا، كَانَ مِنَ الذَّاكِرِينَ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى كَثِيرًا وَالذَّاكِرَاتِ.
qālū: wa-ʾidhā wāẓaba al-ʿabdu ʿalā al-ʾadhkāri al-maʾthūrati ʿanhu ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam ṣabāḥan wa-masāʾan, wa-fī al-ʾaḥwāli wa-l-ʾawqāti al-mukhtalifati, laylan wa-nahāran, kāna mina al-dhākirīna Allāha taʿālā kathīran wa-l-dhākirāti.
They said that when a servant regularly observes the remembrances transmitted from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), morning and evening and in the various circumstances and times of night and day, he is counted among the men and women who remember Allah Most High abundantly.
وَيَنْبَغِي لِمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ وِرْدٌ فِي وَقْتٍ مِنْ لَيْلٍ، أَوْ نَهَارٍ، أَوْ عَقِيبَ صَلَاةٍ، أَوْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، فَفَاتَهُ، أَنْ يَتَدَارَكَهُ وَيَأْتِيَ بِهِ إِذَا أَمْكَنَهُ، وَلَا يُهْمِلَهُ؛ لِيَعْتَادَ الْمُلَازَمَةَ عَلَيْهِ، وَلَا يَتَسَاهَلَ فِي قَضَائِهِ.
wa-yanbaghī liman kāna lahu wirdun fī waqtin min laylin, ʾaw nahārin, ʾaw ʿaqība ṣalātin, ʾaw ghayri dhālika, fa-fātahu, ʾan yatadārakahu wa-yaʾtiya bihi ʾidhā ʾamkanahu, wa-lā yuhmilahu; liyaʿtāda al-mulāzamata ʿalayhi, wa-lā yatasāhala fī qaḍāʾihi.
Anyone who has a regular litany at some time of the night or day, after a prayer, or at another time and misses it should make it up and perform it when able. He should not neglect it, so that he grows accustomed to maintaining it and does not become careless about making it up.
(١) تَقَدَّمَ الْحَدِيثُ الَّذِي فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ: «فَإِنْ ذَكَرَنِي فِي نَفْسِهِ ذَكَرْتُهُ فِي نَفْسِي» فَاشْتِرَاطُ أَنْ يَسْمَعَ نَفْسَهُ لَمْ يَرِدْ مَا يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ لِأَنَّهُ يَصْدُقُ الْقَوْلُ بِمُجَرَّدِ التَّلَفُّظِ وَهُوَ تَحْرِيكُ اللِّسَانِ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْمَعْ نَفْسَهُ.
(1) taqaddama al-ḥadīthu alladhī fī al-ṣaḥīḥayni: «fa-ʾin dhakaranī fī nafsihi dhakartuhu fī nafsī» fa-ishtirāṭu ʾan yasmaʿa nafsahu lam yarid mā yadullu ʿalayhi liʾannahu yaṣduqu al-qawlu bimujarradi al-talaffuẓi wa-huwa taḥrīku al-lisāni wa-ʾin lam yasmaʿ nafsahu.
(1) The hadith cited earlier from the two Sahih collections states, "If he remembers Me within himself, I remember him within Myself." There is no reported evidence for the condition that one must hear oneself, since speech is realized simply by articulating the words—that is, moving the tongue—even if one does not hear oneself.
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